Natural Problems Those problems that occur due to natural phenomena. Flooding: Due to large flood, rhinoceros habitat, floodplain grass lands are severely destroyed annually.

• Climate Change: Due to the climate change, the plant succession and vegetation growth are disturbed. That reduces rhinoceros preferred food species.

• Predators: Increasing on predator’s number in one hand low birth rate on the other have created problems to get hopeful growth on rhinoceros population.

• Evolution: The evolution process also creates the hardness to rhinoceros for surviving in the nature.

Manmade Problems Those problems that arise form the human influence and human related activities

1. Poverty:

• Conservation is the opponent poverty and conservation, poverty and awareness cannot stay at same place.

• People’s (ethnic community’s) livelihood depends on park resources.

• People use to ignore conservation until and unless they have the hand to mouth problems.

• Wildlife conservation is meaningless by grabbing the poor’s hope of living.

• Conduction of relocation programme without satisfactory compensation promotes poverty rather than positive attitude towards wildlife.

• People are obliged towards habitat destruction and poaching for livelihood.

2. Low Level of Awareness:

A. Due to low awareness level on both local people and conservationist is another major problem. A. Low Awareness level on Conservationist:

• The Conservationist seeks people helps/supports during field visit for his/her work but ignore those people voice when they are in problems.

• Leaning towards the corruption

• Conservationist keeps or stands user/community outside of office gate.

B. Low Awareness level on Local People:

• People think that the conservation is only the task of conservationist.

• They take benefits but they do not know why and how do they get these benefits?

• Local people are not aware about the penalty and rule and regulation of Government for poaching.

• Unknown to the consequences of ecosystem disturbance.

• Forest Fire for getting new grass

• Ignorance while they see doubtful person in their own village.

C. Political Influence:

Politicians are less aware about the benefit of wildlife conservation. They used to grab the rights of conservationist and speak political voice.

D. Blaming:

Blaming attitude of individuals becomes the helpful to poacher and their helpers.

E. Benefit Sharing System:

• On the behalf of nepotism and favoritism

• On the behalf of caste, ethnic rather than poor or victim oriented

• Unclear or undefined criteria

 

3. Poaching: High Price of horn in national and international illegal market Increasing in the rate of Black market web Traditional thinking (Rhinoceros’ parts have the religious and cultural value) Local available equipment e.g. Poison, snare, trench, gun, nail plate, sword, javelin, axe can be used for poaching.

• High Price of horn in national and international illegal market

• Increasing in the rate of Black market web

• Traditional thinking (Rhinoceros’ parts have the religious and cultural value)

• Local available equipment e.g. Poison, snare, trench, gun, nail plate, sword, javelin, axe can be used for poaching.

4. Limited Resources:

• Due to limited budget and resources, Conservation Action Plans could not be implemented properly.

• Community oriented programmes cannot be run smoothly.

• Low availability of transportation, communication and field visit equipment facilities, patrolling and anti-poaching programmes are not running smoothly.

5. Monitoring and Evaluation:

• Adopting new programme without proper monitoring and evaluating impacts of previous once (e.g. after translocation of rhinoceros, they are not proper monitored)

• Using old data in the preparation of Conservation of Action Plan

• Attitude of thrusting real data

6. Scientific Analysis

• High budget is separated on development rather than research.

• Careless on conducting necessary research also

• No serious research after translocation of rhino and relocation of communities

• Few research on assessment of potential habitat, status, carrying capacity, human wildlife conflict

• Low Census frequency

7. Improper Investment

• Maximum investment at initial stage

• Less or not investment mid or final stage

• Maximum investment on salary and administrative construction

• Community orientated investment is lower than conservation oriented investment

8. Compensation

• Unsatisfactory compensation for wildlife damage

• Unsatisfactory compensation for relocation programme

Possible Mitigation Measure
 

Natural Problems Mitigation Measure Plantation: Plantation programme can reduces flood hazard. Introduction of Buffer Spps. and reduction of predators: Prey of carnivorous can be introduced and increased.

Awareness: Public awareness activities on the consequences of environment pollution and climate change e.g. school teaching, adult environment education, drama, rally and competition.

Manmade Problems

Those problems that arise form the human influence and human related activities

1. Poverty allevation:

• Income Generation Training can be conducted

• Alternative way for livelihood can be provided ethnic community’s e.g. goat, pig, bee keeping and cottage industries

• Not to grab the poor’s dependency until and unless they have alternative way.

• Conduct relocation programme with satisfactory compensation and provide them as per contract

2. Promote Awareness Level:
 

A. Promote Awareness level on Conservationist: Consensus training can be provided to hear people voice and request. Incentive Reward and Punishment By providing secure feeling for standing against poaching and political pressure

B. Promote Awareness level on Local People:

• Demonstrate consequences of wildlife disappeared thorough poster, pamphlets

• By exploring opportunities of wildlife conservation through radio programme

• Explore about penalty and Government rule and regulation of poaching through media and street drama.

• School teaching, adult education activities can be conducted to explore consequences of ecosystem disturbance.

• Rewarding system for providing information of doubtful activities and person

C. Political Influence:

• By updating serious and real situation wildlife conservation to politician

• Appealing politician for keeping conservationist’s rights safe

D. Responsibility:
By realizing and taking responsibility and oppertunity

E. Proper Benefit Sharing System:

• Discourage nepotism and favoritism through punishment

• On the behalf of true and victim

• On the behalf of poor rather than caste, ethnic oriented

• Keeping Clear or defined criteria

3. Discourage Poaching:

• Discourage national and international illegal market through spy

• Proper investigation at Airport, country boarder and doubtful person to break web of black market

• Create awareness against traditional thinking of wildlife part through young generation

• Formation of local Anti-poaching group, youth campaign and clubs and support their activities

• Discourage unused locally available equipment through these groups e.g. Poison, snare, trench, gun, nail plate, sword, javelin, axe etc.

4. Proper Resources Management:

• Manage the necessary budget and resources

• Conservation Action Plans must be prepared according to available resources

• Separate resources for community oriented programmes.

• By increasing transportation, communication and field visit equipment facilities.

5. Proper Monitoring and Evaluation:

• Monitoring and evaluating Previous programme once before adopting new

• Exploring and Using new data for each and every programme

• Discourage attitude of thrusting real data

6. Scientific Analysis

• Separating the budget on research as much as possible

• Keeping research in priority as per as necessary

• Serious research must be conducted after every programme to see impacts

• Emphasizing research on habitat, status, carrying capacity, human wildlife conflict assessment

• Decrease Census time interval of endangered and threatened spps (Frequent census

7. Proper Investment

• Regular enough investment whole the year

• Increasing community orientated investment

8. Compensation

• Satisfactory compensation for wildlife damage

• Satisfactory compensation for relocation programme as per agreement